The Effect of Photobiomodulation on the Depth of Local Anesthesia in Dentistry

Pain is defined as an "unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage," and is significantly influenced by an individual's past and present experiences. Most dental procedures, such as extractions, pulpotomies, root canal treatments, abscess draining, and oral surgeries, require local anesthesia, which can be uncomfortable and exacerbated by fear and anxiety. Effective pain management is critical in dentistry to improve patient comfort and procedure success. This review explores the impact of photobiomodulation (PBM) on enhancing the effectiveness and depth of local anesthesia in dental procedures. PBM has been shown to enhance local anesthesia through mechanisms such as mitochondrial stimulation, modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), calcium ion regulation, and nitric oxide (NO) production. Experimental studies demonstrate that PBM can significantly reduce pain during local anesthetic injections, decrease the need for additional doses, and improve overall patient comfort. This non-invasive technique is particularly beneficial for pediatric patients and those with dental anxiety or special needs. By leveraging the biological effects of light at the cellular level, PBM represents a promising adjunctive therapy in dentistry, offering improved pain management and patient outcomes. Further research is needed to optimize PBM protocols and fully integrate this technology into dental practice.